Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

Research Article, Issue 2

Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal

Journal home page: www.amecj.com/ir

AMECJ

Development of electrodeposited nanostructural poly

(o-aminophenol) coating as a solid phase microextraction

ber for determination of bisphenol A

Mohammad Saraji

, Bahman Farajmand*

and Esmaeil Heydari Bafrouei

Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

Department of Chemistry, Vali-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.

ABSTRACT

In this research nanostructural poly (o-aminophenol) was synthesized

by electropolymerization and used for solid phase microextraction

ber procedure (SPME). Thin lm of Poly (o-aminophenol) (4 µm

thickness) was shaped by sweep potential for 45 min on the surface

of stainless steel wire. Polymer was synthesized by potentiostat

procedure too. Prepared polymer by sweep potential procedure

showed nanostructures on the surface. Acetic anhydride was employed

for derivatization of bisphenol A (BPh-A) and analysis of acetylated

BPh-A was utilized by gas chromatography-ame ionization detector

(GC-FID). Affecting parameters on derivatization and extraction

such as amount of acetic anhydride, stirring rate, temperature, ionic

strength and extraction time were optimized. The limit of detection

(LOD) and relative standard divisions (RSDs%) were achieved 0.6

µgL

-1

and less than 6.8%, respectively under optimized conditions.

Finally proposed method was used for extraction of bisphenol A from

leaching of baby and drinking water bottles. Relative recovery was

achieved 98% for leaching from drinking bottle. In leaching from

plastic baby bottle, bisphenol A (BPh-A) was detected in the range

5–15 µg L

-1

Keywords:

Poly (o-aminophenol),

Nanostructure,

Bisphenol A,

Solid phase microextraction,

Gas chromatography-ame ionization

detector

ARTICLE INFO:

Received 10 Mar 2021

Revised form 28 Apr 2021

Accepted 25 May 2021

Available online 28 Jun 2021

*Corresponding Author: Bahman Farajmand

Email: farajmand@znu.ac.ir

https://doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v4.i02.142

------------------------

1. Introduction

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a simple,

solvent free and green sample preparation

technique which includes the employing of

a small amount of polymeric sorbent coated

on a thin ber for extraction [1]. Nowadays,

commercial SPME bers are available. The

important disadvantages of commercial SPME

bers are high cost, frangibility of the bers

and weakness of sorbents for extraction of polar

compounds. For domination of these drawbacks,

conductive polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline

(PANI) and polypyrole (PPy), coated on the

surface of metallic ber, are good choices [2]

but thermal instability of these CPs is a problem

when gas chromatography is applied for followed

analysis. Many solutions such as changing of

counter ion [3] or doping carbon nanotube [4] and

nanosilica [5] in the matrix of polymer, have been

suggested for modifying of thermal stability and

other properties of PANI and PPy. Application of

other new CPs with multi-functional groups can

be an alternative way for modifying of thermal

stability, selectivity and extraction efciency of

SPME bers.

Cadmium determination based on ISMP sensor Mohammad Saraji et al

Poly (o-aminophenol) (POAP) has been an

interesting polymer during three past decades.

Many of researches have been performed about

its synthesis, structure and application in sensor,

biosensor and corrosion protection [6]. The

POAP is formed by electrochemical oxidation of

o-aminophenol (o-AP) on the surface of different

electrode in aqueous solution. o-AP can be

polymerized electrochemically in alkaline, neutral

and acidic media. However, while a conducting

polymer lm is only produced in acidic media,

POAP prepared in neutral and alkaline media

leads to a nonconducting polymer lm so, the

polymer thickness of POAP synthesized in basic

and natural media is limited within 10–100 nm

due to a self-limiting growth [7]. The o-AP

is containing –OH and –NH

groups in ortho

position on a phenyl ring. Polymerization of the

o-AP can be performed by both groups therefore a

ladder structure could be formed which has better

thermal stability rather than PANI [8]. POAP

has been employed to build biosensors, because

it has been showed permselective properties

so the interference from different electroactive

species can be signicantly reduced during the

analysis of biological samples by utilizing a

biosensor based on POAP. Moreover, as both

hydroxyl and amino groups are involved in the

electropolymerization process of o-aminophenol,

large amounts of biological macromolecules

such as glucose oxidase [9,10] or horseradish

peroxidase [11] could be immobilized in poly(o-

aminophenol), which results in higher sensitivity

of the sensor as compared with sensors based on

other polymers. on the other hands the presence

of POAP as a sensing material can decrease the

oxidation overpotential of some molecules, so it

has shown the electrocatalytic behavior [12]. A

hybrid modied electrode was also prepared by

electropolymerization of o–AP in the presence

of sulfonated nickel phtalocyanine. The modied

electrode could electrocatalyze NO oxidation

and has been employed as NO sensor [13]. The

copolymer poly(aniline-co-o-aminophenol)

has been exhibited favorable properties to its

application in sensors, electrocatalysis, analytic

determinations and rechargeable batteries

[14,15]. The pH dependence of the electroactivity

of the copolymer is much better than that of

PANI. Poly(aniline-co-oaminophenol) has been

employed as sensor of catechol [16] and ascorbic

acid [17]. POAP has been applied as a molecular

imprinting polymer for sensor preparation. In this

regard, an electrochemical sensor for nicotine

based on the electropolymerization of o-PA as

monomer and nicotine as template was proposed

by Zhaoyang et al. [18]. Compared with nicotine

imprinting membranes, the POAP lm, was

homogeneous, had nanometric thickness and its

synthesis was easy. Other application of POAP

lm was reviewed by Tucerri [6].

Bisphenol A, (BPh-A), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)

propane, is one of the highest volume chemicals

in the world. It was applied for production of

polycarbonate with the second largest outlet being

epoxy resins [19]. A broad variety of food contact

materials stand out among their uses, mainly

derived from polycarbonates (infant feeding

bottles, storage containers, tableware, returnable

water, milk bottles and water pipes) and epoxy

resins (internal protective lining for food and

beverage cans, coating on metal lids for glass

jars and bottles and drinking water storage tanks)

[19]. The BPh-A has shown estrogenic activity

so it acts as an endocrine disruptor. Furthermore,

researches also has been indicated the potential

of BPh-A to disrupt thyroid hormone action [20],

to cause proliferation of human prostate cancer

cells [21] and to block testosterone synthesis [22]

at very low part-per-trillion doses So, there are

needs for introducing of new analytical procedures

particularly application of modern sample

preparation methods (such as microextraction

techniques) in order to have reliable tools for

control of human exposure to BPh-A. SPME with

commercial bers was utilized for extraction of

BPh-A frequently [23–27]. Molecularly imprinted

polymeric ber was employed for selective

extraction of BPh-A from complex matrix which

was shown by Tan et al. [28].

Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

The POAP, as a multi-functional group compound,

can be a remarkable sorbent for extraction of

different analytes so, in this paper, nanostructural

POAP coated on the stainless steel wire has been

prepared by electropolymerization under cyclic

voltametry and nally the polymeric coating was

used as a SPME ber for extraction of BPh-A from

aqueous matrix. Different effective parameters on

derivatization and extraction of BPh-A have been

evaluated and optimized and nally the method

has been applied for determination of BPh-A in

leaching from drinking and plastic baby bottle

that are made from polycarbonate.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Bisphenol A was obtained from Sigma & Aldrich

(St. Louis, USA) and dissolved in methanol

to make stock solution at the concentration of

500 mg L

-1

. Intermediate standard solution was

prepared at concentration 10 mg L

-1

. More diluted

working solutions used in optimization studies

were prepared daily by diluting different amounts

of the intermediate standard solution with pure

water. All solutions were stored at 4

◦

C prior to use.

HPLC grade methanol was purchased from Merck

(Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium dodecyl sulfate

(SDS), sulfuric acid, sodium chloride, sodium

sulfate and o-aminophenol were purchased from

Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium carbonate

and acetic anhydride for derivatization of BPH-A

was obtained from Merck too. Pure water was

prepared by OES (Overseas Equipment &

Services) water purication system (OK, USA).

The surgical grade stainless steel plunger of

a disposable spinal needle (27G, Bartar Co.,

Tehran, Iran) was used as the substrate of the

SPME bers.

2.2. Instrumentation

The SPME device was purchased from Supelco

(Bellefonte, PA, USA) and used for SPME

experiments with commercial bers (85 µm PA

and 65 µm PDMS/DVB). A homemade SPME

holder was assembled and used to perform

extraction with the bers produced in the

present work. A piece of stainless steel wire

(3 cm) was mounted into the SPME device

and used as a working electrode to make the

SPME ber. Electrochemical polymerization

was carried out with a potentiastat/galvanostat

AutoLab (Echo Chemie, Netherlands). A SP-

3420A gas chromatograph equipped with a split/

splitless injector and a ame ionization detector

(BFRL, Beijing, China) was employed for all

experiments. The injector was equipped with a

low-volume insert designed for the analysis by

SPME (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Nitrogen

(99.999%) was used as carrier and make-up

gas. The carrier and make-up gas ow rate was

set at 1.7 and 30 mL min

−1

, respectively. The

chromatographic separation was performed using

a DB-35ms, 10 m×0.25 mm, fused silica capillary

column with a 0.15 µm stationary phase thickness

(Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA). The injector

and detector temperatures were set at 260 and

280

◦

C, respectively. The column temperature

was initially maintained at 100

◦

C for 1 min;

subsequently, the temperature was increased to

250

◦

C (at a rate of 30

◦

C min

−1

) and held for 10

min. Surface characteristic studies of the poly

(o-aminophenol) coating was performed using

eld emission-scanning electron microscopy

(FE-SEM) (Hitachi, S-4160, Japan). Chemical

bonding characterization of the coating was

investigated using Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FT-IR-350, Jasco Co., Tokyo,

Japan). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was

performed using a Rheometric Scientic TGA

1500 instrument.

2.3. Preparation of SPME coating

Poly(o-aminophenol) lm was prepared according

to work of Kunimura et al [29] with some

modication. Polymerization was performed

with a potential-sweep electrolysis by using a

standard three-electrode cell. Stainless steel wire

(o.d. 0.2 mm) and platinum electrode were used

as working and counter electrodes. A length of 1

cm from the end part of stainless steel wire was

Cadmium determination based on ISMP sensor Mohammad Saraji et al

immersed into the polymerization solution. The

electrode potential was cycled between 0 and 1.3

V versus an Ag/AgCl electrode at 50 mV s

-l

in a

0.5 M Na

solution (pH 1.0) containing 100

mM o-aminophenol and 0.05 mM SDS (as the

counter ion and catalyst). Solution was stirred

magnetically by a 1 cm stir bar at 800 rpm. For

the comparison purpose, polymer was synthesis

at a constant potential of 1.3 V for 45 min too. To

make the coating adhere rmly to the surface of

the wire, the wire surface was rst roughened by

a smooth sand paper and then washed in methanol

while sonicating. After polymerization, prepared

ber was thoroughly rinsed with distillated water

and thermally conditioned before use. Thermal

conditioning of the bers was carried out by

heating at 150

◦

C for 20 min, then at 200

◦

C for 20

min, and nally at 290

◦

C for 20 h in a GC injector

port under a nitrogen atmosphere.

2.4. Derivatization and SPME procedure

A 3.0 mL standard solution of BPH-A containing

0.05 mol L

-1

of sodium carbonate was transferred

into a 7-mL glass vial from Supelco (14 mm

i.d.). A 13 mm×3 mm Teon coated stir bar

was used in the vial for stirring the solution.

For derivatization step, amount of 25 µL acetic

anhydride was added to the vial. The vial was

caped and reaction was performed for 5 min at 300

rpm and room temperature. After the reaction, 0.6

g of sodium chloride was added to the solution

and magnetically stirred until dissolving. For

extraction step, the SPME ber was immersed

into the sample solution under optimum stirring

rate (600 rpm) at room temperature. After 30

min, the ber was retracted into the needle and

immediately introduced into the GC injection

port (260

◦

C). Injection was made in splitless

mode and desorption time obtained at 3 min.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of POAP coating

The morphological structures of POAP coating

were investigated with FE-SEM and have been

shown in Figure 1. POAP coating prepared by

sweep potential showed granular structures

which were contained the large number of

nanoparticles (o.d. 50 nm or smaller) attached

to each other (Fig. 1a and b). However, in some

places, nanoparticles were placed beside each

other without any granular structure (Fig. 1d).

The thickness of the coating was obtained about

4 µm (Fig. 1c). It seems low conductivity of

polymer causes the thickness does not increase in

the period of electropolymerization [29]. Figure

1e and f demonstrate surface morphology of

POAP prepared by constant potential. As can be

seen, polymer lm is uniform and at and there

is no granular structure. Application of the ber

prepared by constant potential shows 4 times

weaker result than the one prepared by sweep

potential. It seems the higher surface area of the

polymer lm prepared by sweep potential plays

important role in extraction of analyte.

For gas chromatography applications, SPME

bers must be have efcient thermal stability.

The TGA curve of the POAP coating under argon

atmosphere at a heating rate of 10

◦

C min

−1

has

been shown in Figure 2a. This lm was found to

start a slow loss of weight around 300

◦

C. The

weight loss was at most 4% at this temperature

which could be attributed to the evaporation of

water moisture trapped in the pores of the lm.

So the present SPME ber coating is stable at

temperatures below 300

◦

C due to ladder chemical

structure [29]. Then the ber is suitable for gas

chromatographic analysis.

Investigation of infrared spectroscopy of POAP

was carried out by many researchers and more

chemical structures have been proposed. o-AP

has two functional groups which contains –OH

and –NH

sites. Polymerization of o-AP can be

performed by both sites. Due to spectroscopic

measurements, different structures have been

proposed for POAP. Besides a completely ring-

closed or ladder structure with phenoxazine

units [8,30–32], other two structures, a partially

ring opened and another partially hydrolyzed,

have been considered for POAP. In-situ

Raman spectroscopy measurements propose

Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

that the POAP medium contains alternating

oxidized (quinonoid) and reduced (N-phenyl-

p-phenylenediamine) repeating units [33,34].

Zhang et al. introduced 1,4-substituted molecular

structure for POAP [33,34] allows explaining the

interaction of the polymer with metal ions. The

cation capturing process by POAP was certied

to simultaneous presence of -OH and –NH

groups of the polymeric backbone, in which the

lone-pair electrons are available to form metal

complex. IR studies have been indicated that the

POAP lm-growing process in alkaline media

involves the deprotonation of the aminophenol

molecule, which is probably chemisorbed at

the metal surface, followed by oxidation and

electropolymerization reactions. In this whole

process, the polymerization affects the –OH

group by the formation of C–O–C bond while the

–NH

groups are preserved [35].

In this study Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the

functional groups of the polymer. Spectrum has

been revealed in Figure 2b. Broad peak between

3000 and 4000 cm

-1

assigned to the symmetric

stretching of NH and OH in aromatic system.

Strong peaks at 1582 and 1379 cm

-1

are belonging

to C-N stretching vibrations for quinoide structure

or combination band for protonated aromatic

amine [36]. Strong peak at 1460 cm

-1

can be

assigned for NH scissoring vibrations. Weak

peak at 1037 cm

-1

is belonging to C-C stretching

vibrations in benzene ring [36]. Consequently,

a blend of structures could be considered for

POAP lm. A weak peak at 2926 cm

-1

assigned to

stretching of CH in aliphatic system which can be

considered for dodecyl sulfate counter ion. SDS

plays two roles for preparation of POAP. At rst it

acts as a catalyst and oxidation potential of o-AP

was shifted to less positive potentials (almost

0.075V) and the oxidation current increased,

as compared with the process in the absence of

SDS. The rate of polymerization also increased

considerably in the presence of SDS [37] on the

other hands dodecyl sulfate has been used as a

frequent counter ion in conductive polymer

preparation that used for microextraction process

because it increases thermal stability of polymeric

lm [38].

Fig. 1. FE-SEM images from POAP coated on the surface of stainless steel wire at (a, b, c & d) cyclic potential

between 0 and 1.3 V with 50 mV/s rate; (e & f) constant potential at 1.3 V.

Cadmium determination based on ISMP sensor Mohammad Saraji et al

3.2. Optimization of conditions

For evaluation of POAP lm as a solid phase

microextraction ber, effects of various

parameters that can probably inuence the

performance of the derivatization and extraction

of BPH-A, including amounts of acetic anhydride

and sodium carbonat, salt concentration, stirring

rate, extraction time and temperature were

investigated. All experiments were performed

three times.

3.2.1.Optimization of derivatization conditions

Derivatization can reduce the polarity of some analytes

and can improve the extraction efciency and also

it leads to better peak shape, and higher sensitivity.

Acetic anhydride is a common derivatization reagent

that has been applied for blocking of hydroxyl group

of phenolic compounds frequently [23,39,40]. The

derivatization with acetic anhydride was performed

in situ. Consequently, the experimental variables

affecting to both the extraction and derivatization

processes were studied together. Derivatization

of bisphenol A with acetic anhydride performs in

basic condition. Sodium carbonate usually has been

used for adjustment of sample pH hence in this

research effect of different concentration of sodium

carbonate was investigated. Figure 3a show the

consequences. The concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1

Fig. 2. Thermal gravimetric analysis (a) and FT-IR spectra of POAP coating prepared by sweep potential.

Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

Fig. 3. (a) Effect of sodium carbonate concentration and (b) effect of acetic anhydride amount on the

derivatization efciency of bisphenol A (sample volume, 3 mL; concentration of analyte, 200 µg L

-1

; amount of

acetic anhydride (for (a)), 10 µL; amount of sodium carbonat (for (b)), 0.05 mol L

-1

; reaction time, 5 min; salt

addition, 0.1 g mL

-1

; stirring rate, 400 rpm; extraction time, 30 min).

mol L

-1

reveal maximum derivatization efciency,

Therefore, 0.05 mol L

-1

of sodium carbonate was

applied for adjustment of pH. Under optimized

pH, the amount of acetic anhydride was evaluated

for the best derivatization efciency. Effect of

different amount of acetic anhydride on extraction

efciency was summarized in Figure 3b. As can

be seen, concentration more than 0.75% (V/V) has

not signicant effect on derivatization efciency

therefore this concentration was selected as an

optimum point. Acetylation of phenolic compounds

usually is completed at a short time nonetheless in

this research the reaction time was studied too. The

results satisfy that the times more than 5 min have

not considerable effect on the reaction recovery (the

curve has not shown).

3.2.2.Optimization of extraction conditions

Effective parameters such as ion strength, stirring

rate, extraction temperature and time were

evaluated and optimized. The ion strength of the

sample solution was studied by spiking a series of

NaCl concentrations of 0–0.3 g L

-1

. The response

increases with the increase of ion strength; however,

the extraction efciency slightly decreases under

the high salt content (Fig. 4a). A salt level of

0.2 g mL

-1

of NaCl was used in the following

experiments. The ber is directly immersed in the

liquid samples, and partitions between the sample

matrix and the stationary phase were happened.

Agitation of the sample is often carried out with

a small stirring bar to decrease the time necessary

for equilibrium and to decrease the tension of the

static aqueous lm. The stirring bar is of dimension

10 mm × 3 mm. The effect of the stirring rate on

the responses was tested from 250 to 1000 rpm.

At a higher stirring rate of 600 rpm, a signicant

decrease in the area response was observed (Fig.

4b). Moreover, better result was obtained at a

relatively medium stirring rate than at the lower

and higher ones. Thus, a stirring rate of 600 rpm

was chosen for further experiments. Temperature

has kinetic and thermodynamic effects on

extraction recovery. On the other hands, solubility

of analyte in water increases at high temperature,

so, effect of temperature in the range of 10 to 45

◦

C (Fig. 5a). Best results were achieved at 15

◦

but for simplicity room temperature was applied as

an optimal temperature. The extraction time was

studied from 10 min to 60 min (Fig. 5b). The result

shows that the equilibrium time is reached until

40 min when a further increase of the extraction

time does not result in a signicant increase in the

detector response but for shortening the analysis

time, an extraction time of 30 min was established

in all the experiments.

Cadmium determination based on ISMP sensor Mohammad Saraji et al

3.3. Method validation

The linearity, the repeatability and the detection

limits of the proposed method were investigated.

The correlation coefcient (0.9981) indicated a good

linearity between 2 - 500 µg L

-1

. Under optimal

conditions, LOD was achieved 0.6 µg L

-1

. Relative

standard deviation for intra- and inter day were 4.0

and 6.1%, respectively. The amount of 6.8% was

attained for ber-to-ber relative standard deviation

too. On the other hands, extraction capability of the

POAP coated ber was compared with commercial

SPME bers. Poly acrylate (PA) and poly

dimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzen (PDMS/DVB)

commercial ber were chosen for this comparison.

Figure 6 shows the results. POAP coated ber

revealed better capacity for extraction of bisphenol

A. It seems the chemical composition and surface

congurations of coating are two effective factors

for this investigation. POAP has more chemical

functional groups compared to PA and PDMS/DVB

coating. On the other side, POAP nanostructure

morphology can help for more and fast extraction.

Fig. 4. (a) Effect of salt addition and (b) stirring rate on extraction of bisphenol A (sample volume, 3 mL; analyte

concentration, 200 µg L

-1

; 0.05 mol L

-1

sodium carbonate; amount of acetic anhydride, 25 µL; reaction time, 5 min;

stirring rate (for (a)), 400 rpm; salt addition (for (b)), 0.3 g mL

-1

; extraction time, 30 min at room temperature).

Fig. 5. (a) Effect of temperature and time on extraction of bisphenol A (sample volume, 3 mL; analyte concentration,

200 µg L

-1

; 0.05 mol L

-1

sodium carbonate; amount of acetic anhydride, 25 µL; reaction time, 5 min; stirring rate,

600 rpm; salt addition, 0.3 g mL

-1

; extraction time (for a), 30 min at room temperature (for b).

Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

3.4. Real sample analysis

To examine the feasibility of the method, new

SPME ber was applied for analysis of bisphenol A

released from milk and drinking water bottle. All the

leachate samples were collected from the containers

that had been lled with 50 mL of boiling hot water.

Bisphenol A was below the LOD for drinking

water bottle but was detected in the range 5–15 µg

-1

in leaching from plastic baby bottle. Relative

recovery was attained 98±3% for leaching from

drinking bottle. Relative recoveries were reported in

Table 1. Figure 7 shows the chromatograms from the

leaching of baby bottle with and without spiking of

bisphenol A. Releasing of bisphenol A from plastic

baby bottle was investigated in four time reusing and

the results were summarized in Figure 8. As can be

seen, bisphenol A exists in the consecutive leaching

but the amount of it reduces.

Fig. 6. Comparison of POAP coated SPME ber with PA & PDMS/DVB commercial ber (sample

volume, 3 mL; analyte concentration, 50 µg L

-1

; 0.05 mol L

-1

sodium carbonate; amount of acetic

anhydride, 25 µL; reaction time, 5 min; stirring rate, 600 rpm; salt addition, 0.3 g/mL; extraction

time, 30 min at room temperature).

Table 1. Relative recoveries of bisphenol A in different real samples (μg L

-1

)

Added Drinking water bottle Plastic baby bottle (1

leachate)

Found Relative

Recovery (%)

Found Relative

Recovery (%)

0.0 ND

- 15.1 -

10.0 9.7 97 25.4 103

20.0 20.6 103 35.3 101

50.0 51.0 102 64.1 98

100.0 94.1 94 109.1 94

* Not detected.

Cadmium determination based on ISMP sensor Mohammad Saraji et al

Fig. 7. GC-FID chromatograms after SPME of non-spiked (a) and spiked (b) leaching from plastic baby

bottle with 10 µg L

-1

of bisphenol A.

Fig. 8. Determined concentration of bisphenol A (BPH-A) in leaching from plastic

baby bottle after four time reusing.

Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 4 (2) (2021) 34-46

Conclusions

This study shows application of nanostructural poly

(o-aminophenol) as a new SPME ber combined

with GC–FID is a precise method for reproducibly

analyzing trace bisphenol A from aqueous samples.

Better chromatographic shape and sensitivity were

obtained by derivatization of bisphenol A using

acetic anhydride. Different effective parameters

were studied and optimized. The gures of merit

belonged to the method were favorable. The

dynamic range was achieved in the ranges of 2 -

500 µg L

-1

. The limits of detection and RSD were

0.6 µg L

-1

and <6.8% respectively. The feasibility

of using the SPME–GC–FID system to measure the

amount of bisphenol A in leaching from plastic baby

and drinking water bottle was tested. Bisphenol A

was detected in the range 5–15 µg L

-1

5.Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the Research Council

of Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) and

the Center of Excellence for Sensor and Green

Chemistry for their support of this project.

6. References

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Namie, Recent developments and future trends

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[2] M. Lashgari, Y. Yamini, An overview of the

most common lab-made coating materials

in solid phase microextraction, Talanta, 191

(2019) 283-306.

[3] A. Mollahosseini, E. Noroozian,

Polyphosphate-doped polypyrrole coated on

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