Negar Motakef Kazemi
a
,* and Masoumeh Yaqoubi
b
a
Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran.
b
Department of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Research Article, Issue 4
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal
Journal home page: www.amecj.com/ir
AMECJ
------------------------
one of a good candidate of metal oxide for different
applications such as immunosensor [6], gas sensor
[7], photocatalyst [8], catalyst [9], preparation of
nanostructures [10], photovoltaic [11], biomedical
[12, 13], antibacterial effect [14], X-ray shielding
[15], optical properties [16], white-light LEDs
[17], and magnetic properties [18]. The common
methods of bismuth nanostructures synthesis
include solution [19], solution combustion [20],
solvothermal [21], hydrothermal [22], laser
ablation [23], green synthesis [24], sol–gel [25],
flame spray pyrolysis [26], thermal decomposition
[27], vapor phase deposition [28], and sputtering
Synthesis of bismuth oxide: Removal of benzene from
waters by bismuth oxide nanostructures
1. Introduction
Nanotechnology has attracted a great attention in
very interesting applications in various fields [1, 2].
Today, the nanostructured metal oxides have much
attention of researchers actively engaged in various
scientific due to their interesting properties and
potential applications [3, 4]. One of applied materials
is the nanostructures with nanometer-scale rod
morphology [5]. Bismuth oxide nanostructure is
*
Corresponding Author: Negar Motakef Kazemi
Email: motakef@iaups.ac.ir
DOI: ttps://doi.org/10.24200/amecj
Removal of benzene from waters by Bismuth Oxide Negar Motakef Kazemi et al
A R T I C L E I N F O:
Received 15 Sep 2019
Revised form 11 Nov 2019
Accepted 30 Nov 2019
Available online 26 Dec 2019
Keywords:
Bismuth oxide nanostructures,
Synthesis,
Benzene removal,
Waters,
Liquid-micro solid phase extraction
A B S T R A C T
In this research, the bismuth oxide (Bi
2
O
3
) nanostructures were prepared via
chemical method at 90 °C for 3 h. the results samples were characterized by
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) for determination of functional groups, X-ray
diffraction (XRD) for evaluation of crystal structure, dynamic light scattering
(DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) for presentation of morphology
and size, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for determination
of chemical composition, and diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) for
ultraviolet (UV) blocking. Also, the Bi
2
O
3
nanostructures were used for benzene
extraction from waters in pH=5-7. By procedure, 30 mg of Bi
2
O
3
mixed with
hydrophobic ionic liquid ([HMIM][PF6]) and injected to water samples. After
shaking and centrifuging, benzene removed from water by ionic liquid-micro
solid phase extraction (IL-μSPE) and determined by gas chromatography with
flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The absorption capacity and recovery was
obtained 167.8 mg per gram of Bi
2
O
3
and more than 96%, respectively. Based on
the results, the bismuth oxide nanostructures were observed with rod morphology
and the diameter of nanometer. The antibacterial activities of the samples were
determined against Salmonella using inhibition zone diameter. Based on the
study, bismuth oxide nanostructures have good potential for removal of benzene
from waters. By IL-μSPE method, the results validated by spiking of samples
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal Vol 2 (2019) 5-14
6
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal; Vol. 2 (2019)
deposition [29]. There are different polymorphs of
bismuth oxide including α-Bi
2
O
3
, β-Bi
2
O
3
, γ-Bi
2
O
3
,
δ-Bi
2
O
3
, ε-Bi
2
O
3
, and ω-Bi
2
O
3
which related to the
temperature of their formation. The stable polymorph
is monoclinic α-Bi
2
O
3
in low temperature and cubic
δ-Bi
2
O
3
in high temperature [30]. The increase of
temperature was caused the decrease of tetragonal
β-Bi
2
O
3
structure and the show monoclinic α-Bi
2
O
3
in XRD patterns [31]. The ultraviolet light can
be caused the increase of risk for skin cancer and
ocular damage. The UV radiation included three
regions UV-A (320–400 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm),
and UV-C (180-280 nm). The earth’s atmosphere
shields the more harmful UV-C and greater than
99% of UV-B radiation. The UV-A blocking is very
important to prevention from hazardous effects
of exposure to direct sunlight [32]. Recently,
the bismuth oxide was reported as UV-absorber
application [33]. Antibacterial activity is another
application of bismuth oxide nanoparticles against
some pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria [14].
Also, bismuth oxide was used for removal VOCs,
BTEX from waters by analytical chemistry. In the
present study, bismuth oxide nanostructures were
synthesized by chemical method for application of
UV blocking and antibacterial activity. In addition,
the bismuth oxide (Bi
2
O
3
) nanostructures were used
for benzene extraction from waters by IL-μSPE.
Ionic liquid caused to collected solid phase which
was extracted by Bi
2
O
3
in optimized pH
.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
All chemicals used were analytical grade. Materials
including bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO
3
)
3
), nitric acid
(HNO
3
), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were
purchased from Merck (Darmshtadt Germany).
All aqueous solutions were prepared in deionized
water (DW, Millipore). The bismuth oxide (Bi
2
O
3
)
nanostructures syntheses by Azad University.
Benzene (CAS N: 71-43-2; C
6
H
6
) and ionic liquid of
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
([HMIM][PF6]; CAS N:304680-35-1) purchased
from Sigma Aldrich.
Five calibration solutions of benzene were
prepared and the approximate concentrations
of benzene were 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10 and 50 mg L
-1
.
The other chemicals with high purity (99%) were
purchased from Sigma (Germany).
For analysis of benzene, gas chromatography
based on flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and air
sample loop injection (ASL) was used (Netherland).
The Agilent 7890A GC can accommodate up to
three detectors identified as front detector, back
detector, and auxiliary detector. The FID detector
chosen was selected for benzene analysis in gas/
liquid. Before injection, Slide the plunger carrier
down until it is completely over the syringe plunger,
and tighten the plunger thumb screw until finger-
tight. The injector temperature was adjusted to
200°C and the detector temperature at 250°C. The
GC oven temperature was programmed from 30°C
to 220°C which was held for 10 min. Hydrogen as
the carrier gas was used at a flow rate of 1.0 mL
min
–1
with split ratio of 1:100.
2.2. Characterization
The bismuth oxide nanostructures were
characterized by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light
scattering, scanning electron microscope, energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and diffuse
reflection spectroscopy. FTIR spectra were recorded
on a Shimadzuir 460 spectrometer in a KBr matrix
in the range of 400–4000 cm
−1
. XRD pattern was
performed for evaluation of crystalline structure
using a Philips Company X’pert diffractometer
utilizing Cu-Ka radiation (ASENWARE, AW-
XBN300, China). DLS was reported the size
and size distribution of nanoparticles (ZEN314,
England). SEM was investigated the morphology
(KYKY, EM3200, China). EDS was evaluated the
elemental and chemical analysis (ASK SEM-CL
View VIS, Oxford instruments, UK). DRS was
investigated for light absorption and UV blocking
properties of nanocomposite (UV2550, Shimadzu).
7
Removal of benzene from waters by Bismuth Oxide Negar Motakef Kazemi et al
The antibacterial activity was evaluated using
disk diffusion method against Salmonella Gram-
negative bacteria, strains ATCC 1231, procured
from Islamic Azad University.
2.3. Synthesis of bismuth oxide nanostructures
Bismuth oxide nanostructures were prepared via
chemical method based on schematic reaction as
follows (Formula):
2BiNO
3
+ 6NaOH
90°c
3h
Bi
2
O
3
+ 6 NaNO
3
+ 3
In a typical reaction, 0.97 g (0.2 mmol) bismuth
nitrate was solved in 1 ml nitric acid, and 9 ml
deionized water. Then, 100 ml sodium hydroxide
(0.1 mol/L
-1
) was added to the resulting solution
[8]. The reactants were sealed under reflux and
stirred at 90 °C for 3 h. Then, the reaction mixture
was cooled to room temperature, and separated
by centrifugation. The crystals were washed with
deionized water to remove residual salt, and dried
in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 5 h.
2.4. Procedure
The bismuth oxide nanostructures based on
IL-μSPE method was used for extraction of benzene
from waters. By procedure, 30 mg of bismuth
oxide (Bi
2
O
3
) nanostructures mixed with o,2 g of
1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
([HMIM][PF6] and diluted with 0.2 mL of pure
acetone. Then the mixture was injected into 10 mL
of water sample or benzene standard samples with
different concentration (1-100 mg L-1). The cloudy
solution shacked for 5 min and after centrifuging
for 3 min (3500rpm), the upper solution (water or
standard solution) was determined by GC-FID.
After benzene extraction by IL-μSPE procedure,
the recoveries of proposed method were measured
with the ratio of initial/final concentration of
benzene (signal peak area) before determined with
GC-FID (Equation EQ1). In addition, adsorption
capacity and removal efficiency (RE) was
calculated by equation EQ2 and EQ3. A is the
initial concentration of benzene in solution and B is
final concentration of benzene which determinate
by GC-FID in waters. The adsorption capacity of
benzene (mg g
-1
) and, the removal efficiency of
benzene (%) was shown in EQ2 and EQ3. The C
i
(mg L
-1
) and C
f
(mg L
-1
) are the concentration of
benzene before and after extraction procedure, Vs
(L) is the sample volume, and M(g) is the amount
of Bi
2
O
3
.
Removal of benzene from waters by Bismuth Oxide
*Corresponding author : Negar Motakef Kazemi
E mail: motakef@iaups.ac.ir
4
concentration of benzene (signal peak area) before determined with GC-FID ( equation EQ1).
In addition, adsorption capacity and removal efficiency (RE) was calculated by equation EQ2
and EQ3. A is the initial concentration of benzene in solution and B is final concentration of
benzene which determinate by GC-FID in waters. The adsorption capacity of benzene (mg g
-
1
) and, the removal efficiency of benzene (%) was shown in EQ2 and EQ3. The
(mg L
-1
)
and
(mg L
-1
) are the concentration of benzene before and after extraction procedure, Vs
(L) is the sample volume, and (g) is the amount of Bi
2
O
3
.
(EQ1)
(EQ2)
(EQ3)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fourier transforms infrared
FTIR spectra of bismuth oxide nanostructures were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm
-
1
with KBr pellets (Fig. 1). The O–H stretching vibrations appear at 3421 cm
-1
. The peak at
1400 cm
-1
is related to C-O vibrations due to organic solvent. The peak at 435~505 cm
-1
is
originated from the metal-oxygen (Bi-O) bond. Fourier transform infrared result is similar to
a previously reported pattern [25].
Fig. 1. FTIR bismuth oxide nanostructures.
3.2. X-ray diffraction
XRD measurement was used to determine the crystalline structure of bismuth oxide
nanostructures in 2θ range 5 to 80° (Fig. 2). The sharp peak observed at 2θ around 28°, and
all diffraction peaks can be indexed the monoclinic α-Bi
2
O
3
(JCPDS card No. 41-1449). XRD
result is similar to a previously reported pattern [8].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fourier transforms infrared
FTIR spectra of bismuth oxide nanostructures were
recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm
-1
with KBr
pellets (Fig. 1). The O–H stretching vibrations
appear at 3421 cm
-1
. The peak at 1400 cm
-1
is related
to C-O vibrations due to organic solvent. The peak
at 435~505 cm
-1
is originated from the metal-oxygen
(Bi-O) bond. Fourier transform infrared result is
Fig. 1. FTIR bismuth oxide nanostructures.
8
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal; Vol. 2 (2019)
similar to a previously reported pattern [25].
3.2. X-ray diffraction
XRD measurement was used to determine
the crystalline structure of bismuth oxide
nanostructures in 2θ range 5 to 80° (Fig. 2). The
sharp peak observed at 2θ around 28°, and all
diffraction peaks can be indexed the monoclinic
α-Bi
2
O
3
(JCPDS card No. 41-1449). XRD result is
similar to a previously reported pattern [8].
3.3. Dynamic light scattering
The dynamic light scattering was used to find out
the size and distribution diagram of nanoparticles
(Fig. 3). DLS results presented two peaks at 900
nm and 17 μm with narrow distribution at room
temperature. The observation of two peaks confirms
that the nanostructure is rod shaped.
3.4. Scanning electron microscope
The size and morphology structures of samples
were studied using SEM that shown rod-shaped
with an average diameter of 500 nm, and the length
of 11 μm (Fig. 4). SEM result confirmed the DLS
result.
3.5. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
EDS was used to evaluate the chemical composition
of bismuth oxide nanostructures. This analysis was
clearly showed the identification strong peaks
of bismuth (Bi) and oxygen (O) elements. Based
on the result the absorption peaks were exhibited
at 2.4, 3.2, 10.8, and 11.8 keV, which illustrated
a typical absorption of the metallic bismuth. The
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and mapping
of bismuth oxide nanostructures were carried out
for elemental analysis (Fig. 5).
3.6. Diffuse reflection spectroscopy
DRS absorption spectra of bismuth oxide
nanostructures showed UV blocking in three
Ultraviolet: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C (Fig 6).
Based on DRS result, the absorption peak was
observed 90% ultraviolet in range of 200-400 nm.
Based on teh result, bismuth oxide nanostructures
are good candidates as UV blocking for research
development.
3.7. Antibacterial activity
The antibacterial activity was measured against
Salmonella as Gram-negative bacteria by disk
diffusion method for bismuth oxide nanostructures
with concentration 0.01 g(mL)
-1
. The zone inhibition
was examined approximately 8.6 mm. The cell
wall of Gram-negative bacterium is composed
a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a
membranous structure called the outer membrane.
The presence of carboxylic groups causes to the
negative charge of bacterial cells at biological pH.
The main mechanisms of antibacterial activity are
Fig. 2. XRD bismuth oxide nanostructures.
9
Removal of benzene from waters by Bismuth Oxide Negar Motakef Kazemi et al
Fig. 4. SEM bismuth oxide nanostructures in different scale bar.
Fig. 3. DLS bismuth oxide nanostructures based on a) count, b) intensity, and c) volume.
10
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal; Vol. 2 (2019)
electrostatic forces and adhesion of the opposite
charges of Gram-negative bacterium and bismuth
oxide nanostructures. Based on teh result, bismuth
oxide nanostructures are good candidates as
antibacterial activity for research development.
3.8. Optimizing and validation
The IL-μSPE procedure based on the bismuth oxide
(Bi
2
O
3
) nanostructures was used for extraction of
benzene in water and wastewater samples. For
increasing of efficient recoveries, all parameters
such as, pH, sorbent mass, sample volume,
adsorption capacity were studied and optimized. The
pH of water sample has a main role for adsorption
Fig. 6. DRS bismuth oxide nanostructures.
Fig. 5. a) EDS, and b) elemental map image of bismuth oxide nanostructures.
11
Removal of benzene from waters by Bismuth Oxide Negar Motakef Kazemi et al
of benzene in water and wastewater by IL- Bi
2
O
3
by IL-μSPE. The effect of pH range (2-11) on the
extraction of benzene was studied containing 1 mg
L
-1
and 10 mg L
-1
of C
6
H
6
. The results showed, the
recovery of extraction for benzene were decreased
at pH ranges (7<pH< 5 ) So, pH of 5-7 was selected
as optimized pH for benzene extraction in waters
(Fig. 7). By IL-μSPE method, the amount of Bi
2
O
3
and ILwas optimized for extraction benzene in
water and wastewater samples. Therefore, 5-50
mg of Bi
2
O
3
and 0.05-0.4 g of IL was used and
optimized. Based on results, more than 25 mg
Bi
2
O
3
and 0.15 g of IL can be extracted benzene in
water samples in optimized pH. So, 30 mg and 0.2
g was selected as optimum value for Bi
2
O
3
and IL,
respectively (Fig.8). The sample volume effected
on the extraction recoveries of benzene in water
samples at pH=5-7. The different sample volumes
from 1 to 20 mL (1-10 mgL
-1
benzene) were used
benzene extraction in water samples by IL-μSPE
procedure. The results had good recoveries less
than 15 mL of water samples. Therefore, 10 mL was
used as the optimal sample volume by proposed
procedure (Fig.9).
4. Conclusions
The bismuth oxide nanostructures synthesized by
chemical method. The formation of nanostructures
Fig. 7. The effect of pH on benzene extraction in water sample by IL-μSPE
Fig. 8. The effect of bismuth oxide on benzene extraction in water sample by IL-μSPE
12
Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal; Vol. 2 (2019)
Fig. 9. The effect of Sample volume on benzene extraction in water sample by IL-μSPE
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crystalline structure for bismuth
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extracted from water samples based on IL- Bi
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by IL-μSPE procedure at pH=5-7. The absorption
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Bi
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of bismuth oxide nanostructures. These properties
can be resulted to many advantages in the future
with more safety and less toxicity to human health.
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