Optimization and effect of varying catalyst concentration and trans-esterification temperature on the yield of biodiesel production from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil
Volume 5, Issue 03, Pages 55-69, Sep 2022 *** Field: Analytical Environmental Chemistry
Abstract
The negative environmental impact generated by fossil fuel has resulted in the demand to search for alternative routes of renewable sources of energy, such as biodiesel, that have unlimited duration while having little or no hazardous impact. In this study, trans-esterification of palm kernel oil and groundnut oil was carried out using sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) as a catalyst. The effect of varying Sodium Methoxide (CH3ONa) catalyst concentrations of (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) % w/v at trans-esterification temperatures of (50, 55, and 60) oC on the yield of biodiesel from groundnut oil and palm kernel oil was determined. This was to identify the catalyst concentration and trans-esterification temperature with optimal process yield. The process gave optimum biodiesel yields of 98% and 84% by volume of groundnut oil and palm kernel oil at reaction conditions of 0.5%w/v CH3ONa as catalyst, trans-esterification temperature of 55oC, 360 rpm mixing rate and a reaction time of 90 minutes. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for fuel properties using the ASTM standard, and the results obtained were as follows; specific gravity (0.8835, 0.8815 at 15oC), flash point (98, 124) oC, and viscosity (5.2, 7.6) mm2S-1 for palm kernel oil and groundnut oil respectively.
References
O.J. Adamu, T. A. Akintola, C. C. Enweremmadu, A.E. Adeleke, Characterization of palm-kernel oil biodiesel produced through NaCH-Catalysed trans-esterification process, Sci. Res. Essay, 3 (2008) 308-311. http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE
BP Energy Outlook 2035, BP PLC, 2016. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2016/bp-energy-out look-2016.
P. A. Owusu, S.A. Sarkodie, S. Dubey, A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation, J. Cogent Eng., 3 (2016) 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
D.P. Ho, H.H. Ngo, W. Guo, A mini review on renewable sources for biofuel, Bioresour. Technol., 169 (2014) 742–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.022
R. Gilbert, A. Perl, Transport oil. Earth scan, UK, 2008. http://www.richardgilbert.ca/Files/2008/Summary%20of%20Transport%20Revolutions%204.pdf
K. Bozbas, Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel, production and policies in the European Union, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 12 (2008) 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.001
E.M. Shahid, Y. Jamal, Production of biodiesel: a technical review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 15 (2011) 4732–4745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.079
H. Fukuda, A. Kondo, H. Noda, Biodiesel fuel production by trans-esterification of oils: review, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 92 (2001) 405–16. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.92.405
A. Demirbas, Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuels, Energ. Policy, 35 (2007) 4661–4670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.003
J. Orsavova, L. Misurcova J.V. Ambrozova, R. Vicha, J. Mlcek, Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and Its contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular, mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16 (2015) 12871-12890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612871.
A.W. Verla, C.E. Enyoh, F.C. Ibe, E.N. Verla, Status of liquid biofuels in Nigeria and tools for environmental sustainability assessment, Int. J. Energ. Water Res., 3(4) (2020) 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00080-7
C. E. Enyoh, A. W. Verla, E. C. Enyoh, E. N. Verla, A Review on the quality of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) produced locally in Imo State, Nigeria, Sustain. Food Prod., 4 (2018) 40-50.
https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/SFP.4.40
S. Nasreen, M. Nafees, L. A. Qureshi, M. S. Asad, A. Sadiq, S. D. Ali, Review of catalytic trans-esterification methods for biodiesel production, biofuels - state of development, Krzysztof Biernat, Chapter 6, Intech Open, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75534
O.J. Alamu, M.A. Waheed, S.O. Jekayinfa, Biodiesel production from Nigerian palm Kernel oil: effect of KOH concentration on yield, Energ. Sust. Dev., 11 (2007) 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60579-7
C.E. Enyoh, B.O. Isiuku, Determination and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in floodbasin soils in Owerri, southeastern Nigeria, Chem. Africa, 5(3) (2020) 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020-00171-2
A. Vonortas, N. Papayannakos, Comparative analysis of biodiesel versus green diesel, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Energ. Environ., 3 (2014) 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.78
J.C. Juan, D.A. Kartika, T.Y. Wu, Biodiesel production from jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (2011) 452–460. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.093
O. Ogunkunle, O.O. Oniya, A.O. Adebayo, Yield response of biodiesel production from heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis of milk bush seed (Thevetia peruviania) oil, J. Energ. Policy Res., 4 (2017) 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1319772
M.Z. Kyari, M.M. Yunus, Optimization of trans-esterification of Lophira lanceolatan (False Shea) seed oil to alkyl ester using response surface methodology, Nigerian J. Chem. Res., 22 (2017) 88-94. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcr/article/view/170990
J.K. Efavi, A. Yaya, The Effect of NaOH catalyst concentration and extraction time on the yield and properties of Citrullus vulgaris seed oil as a potential biodiesel feed stock, South African J. Chem. Eng., 25 (2018) 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2018.03.002
M.A. Obianke, A.B. Mohammed, L.G. Hassan, A.A Aliero, M.G. Liman, Optimization of reaction variables in situ trans-esterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil for biodiesel production, Nigeria J. Basic Appl. Sci., 26 (2018) 102-114. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v26i2.15
O.J. Alamu, M.A Waheed, S.O. Jekayinfa, T.A. Akintola, Optimal trans-esterification duration for biodiesel production from Nigerian palm kernel oil, Agri. Eng. Int. (CIGR), 9 (2007) 1-12. https://cigrjournal.org/
S. Athalye, S.R. Sharma, S. Peretti, Producing biodiesel from cottonseed oil using Rhizopus oryzae whole cell biocatalysts: culture media and cultivation period optimization, Energ. Sust. Dev., 17 (2013) 331–336. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhDT.......278A/abstract
S. N. Naik, V.V. Goud, P.K. Rout, Production of first- and second-generation biofuels: a comprehensive review, Renew Sust. Energ. Rev., 14 (2010) 578–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003
E. C. Enyoh, C.E Enyoh, C. E. Amaobi, Quality assessment of palm oil from different palm oil local factories in Imo State, Nigeria, World Sci. News, 88 (2017) 152-167. http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/WSN-882-2017-152-167.pdf
J.O. Igbokwe, M.O. Nwafor, Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from Nigerian palm kernel oil, Am. J. Eng. Res., 3 (2014) 264-266. https://www.ajer.org/papers/v3(3)/ZI33264266.pdf
U. Musa, I.A. Mohammed, A.M. Sadi, M. Aliyu, B. Suleiman, S. Tasabi, Production and characterization of biodiesel from Nigerian mango seed oil, World Congress on Engineering(WCE), 1 (2014) 645-649. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2014/WCE2014_pp645-649.pdf (2014).
Y. Datti, M. Ibrahim, I. Salihu, M. Abdulahi, S. Muhammad, A.S. Ado, U.U. Ahmad, Extraction, production and characterization of biodiesel from shea butter (Vitellaria pardoxa C.F. Gaertri) obtained from Hadejia, Jigawa State Nigeria, J. Biol. Pharm. Sci., 11 (2020) 208-215. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.3.0168
J.V. Gerpen, B. Shank, R. Pruszko, D. Clement, G Knothe, Biodiesel production technology, national renewable energy laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado, 1-100, 2004. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/36244.pdf
S.J. Ojolo, A.O. Adelaja, G.M. Sabamowo, Production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil and Groundnut oil, Adv. Mater. Res., 367 (2012) 501-506. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.367.501
P. Blomquist, F. Evergreen, O. Wellstrand, M. Avidson, Prelimanry study of protection against fire in low-flash point fuel, Science partner report SP technical research institute of Sweden, 1-5, 2015. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:962918/FULLTEXT01.pdf
E.I. Bello, B. Oguntuase, A. Osasona, T.I. Mohammed, Characterization and engine testing of palm kernel oil biodiesel. Eur. J. Eng. Technol., 3 (2015) 1-8. https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Characterization-and-Engine-Testing-of-Palm-Kernel-Oil-Biodiesel.pdf
A.A. Ayoola, P.A.Y. Arawe, M.E. Ojerumi, R.Y. Amaraibi, Comparison of the properties of palm oil and palm kernel oil biodiesel in relation to the degree of unsaturation of their oil feedstock, Int. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 5 (2016) 1-8. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/95550242.pdf
S.O. Kareem, Enzymatic biodiesel production from palm oil and palm kernel oil using free lipase, Egypt. J. Pet., 26 (2017) 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.002
C.N. Ibeto, A.U. Ofoefule, H.C. Ezugwu, Analytic methods for quality assessment of biodiesel from animal and vegetable oil, Trend Appl. Sci. Res., 6 (2011) 537-553. https://doi.org/10,3923/tasr.2011.537.553
B.M.W. Amo-Tanta, A.O. Onigbinde, Physio chemical properties and fatty acid profile of crude oil extract from three vegetable seed, Pak. J. Nutr., 12 (2013) 647-650. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bamidele-Amos- Tautua/publication/
J.K Ikaya, L.N Umeigar, A. Lobee, Effect of extraction methods on the yield and quality characteristics of oil and nut, J. Food Res. Sci., 2 (2013) 5-10. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfrs.2013.1.12
S.Yahaya, S.O. Giwa, M. Ibrahim, Extraction of oil from Jatropha seed kernels: optimization and characterization, Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 9 (2016) 758–770. https://www.sphinxsai.com/2016/ch_vol9_no5/abstracts/A(758-770)V9N5CT.pdf
C.E. Enyoh, A.W. Verla, C.E. Duru, E.E. Enyoh, B. Setiawan, Curve estimation modeling for predictions of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in Nigeria, Healthy-Mu J., 4 (2020) 1-35. https://doi.org/10.35747/hmj.v4i1.545.
C.E. Enyoh, Q. Wang, O. Prosper, Response surface methodology for modeling the adsorptive uptake of phenol from aqueous solution using adsorbent polyethylene terephthalate Microplastics. Chem. Eng. J. Adv., 12 (2022) 100370. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100370
Copyright (c) 2022 Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JOURNAL PUBLISHING AGREEMENT
PLEASE PROVIDE US THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION,
Article entitled:
Corresponding author:
To be published in the journal:
Your Status
I am the sole author of the manuscript
- I am an Iranian government employee.
- I am a European government employee
- I am a Asian government
- None of the above
I am one author signing on behalf of all co-authors of the manuscript
- I am an Iranian government employee.
- I am a European government employee
- I am a Asian government
- None of the above
Please tick the above blanks (as appropriate), review the Journal Publishing Agreement, and then sign and date the document in black ink.
Published Journal Article: the author may share a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI. Additionally theses and dissertations which contain embedded Published Journal Articles as part of the formal submission may be hosted publicly by the awarding institution with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI. Any other sharing of Published Journal Articles is by agreement with the publisher only.
Signed: ______________________________________ Name printed: ___________________________________________
Title and Company (if employer representative): _______________________Date: __________________________________
